What IS Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by a tendency of the brain to release electrical discharges that disrupt normal brain activity. This abnormal electrical activity results in seizures, which are the main symptom of the condition. Seizures can range from short, unnoticed episodes to severe, convulsive movements, and they can last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes.

Importantly, not every seizure indicates epilepsy. Epilepsy is defined by the presence of recurrent seizures that occur due to an underlying predisposition of the brain to produce abnormal electrical activity. A single seizure might be a one-off event triggered by specific factors (such as sleep deprivation or head trauma), but recurrent episodes are considered a hallmark of epilepsy.

The Prevalence and Global Impact of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide. An estimated 65 million people globally live with epilepsy, making it a significant public health concern (World Health Organization). In the United States alone, approximately 3.4 million Americans have epilepsy, with 150,000 new diagnoses each year (Epilepsy Foundation).

Epilepsy’s prevalence varies by age and demographic factors, with the highest rates of onset seen in children and older adults. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that 1 in 26 people in the U.S. will develop epilepsy at some point in their lifetime (CDC Epilepsy).

In Orange County, California, it is estimated that around 30,000 people are affected by epilepsy, and across California, approximately 380,000 individuals live with the condition. This highlights the widespread nature of epilepsy, even in localized regions. (California Department of Public Health).

Types of Seizures and Epilepsy Syndromes

Seizures can be classified into several types based on their characteristics and the areas of the brain involved. There are two primary categories of seizures:

1. Focal Seizures (Partial Seizures): These seizures originate in one part of the brain and can result in motor, sensory, or emotional disturbances depending on the brain region affected. Focal seizures can be further classified into:
   • Focal aware seizures: The individual remains conscious but may experience unusual sensations or movements.
   • Focal impaired awareness seizures: The person loses consciousness or awareness during the seizure.
2. Generalized Seizures: These seizures affect both sides of the brain and often lead to loss of consciousness. The most common types of generalized seizures are:
   • Tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as grand mal): These are the most well-known type of seizure, characterized by stiffening (tonic) and rhythmic jerking (clonic) movements.
   • Absence seizures: Short episodes of impaired awareness without significant physical movements, most common in children.
   • Myoclonic seizures: Quick, jerking movements of the muscles.

Mortality and Risks: The Hidden Dangers of Epilepsy

Epilepsy is not only a cause of disability but also a significant contributor to mortality. In fact, up to 50,000 deathsoccur each year in the United States due to epilepsy-related causes, including Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). Individuals with epilepsy are at 24 times greater risk of dying suddenly compared to the general population (Epilepsy Foundation).

Additionally, seizure-related accidents—such as drowning, car crashes, and falls—contribute to the higher mortality rate among people with epilepsy (CDC).

Causes of Epilepsy: From Genetic to Acquired Factors

Epilepsy can be caused by a variety of factors, and it can be classified based on the known or unknown origin of the condition:

1. Idiopathic Epilepsy (Unknown Cause)

In about 70% of epilepsy cases, the exact cause is unknown. This is referred to as idiopathic epilepsy. Many of these cases are believed to have a genetic component, though the specific genes involved are often not fully identified. Genetic mutations can cause changes in the brain’s neuronal signaling, making the brain more likely to experience abnormal electrical discharges.

2. Symptomatic Epilepsy (Known Cause)

In about 30% of people with epilepsy, the condition is caused by identifiable factors. Common causes of symptomatic epilepsy include:

• Head trauma: Brain injuries from accidents or surgery can lead to the development of epilepsy (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)).
• Brain tumors: Tumors can interfere with normal brain function and trigger seizures.
• Stroke: A stroke deprives the brain of oxygen, which can lead to long-term brain damage and seizures (American Heart Association).
• Infections: Meningitis, viral encephalitis, and other infections can cause inflammation in the brain, leading to epilepsy.
• Genetic conditions: Certain genetic syndromes, such as Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, are associated with epilepsy.
• Metabolic disorders: Conditions like Celiac disease, neurocysticercosis, and hypoglycemia can also lead to seizures.

3. Environmental Factors

Certain environmental triggers can provoke seizures, particularly in those already diagnosed with epilepsy:

• Sleep deprivation: One of the most common seizure triggers, as insufficient sleep can make the brain more excitable (National Sleep Foundation).
• Flashing lights: Photosensitive epilepsy can be triggered by flashing lights or visual patterns at certain frequencies (Epilepsy Foundation).
• Drug use: Exposure to drugs, including recreational substances or overdoses of medications, can induce seizures in vulnerable individuals (FDA Drug Safety).

Seizure Triggers and How to Manage Them

For individuals with epilepsy, managing triggers is a key part of seizure control. Common triggers include:

• Stress: Emotional stress can increase seizure frequency in some individuals.
• Hormonal changes: Some women experience more seizures around their menstrual cycle, a condition known as catamenial epilepsy (American Epilepsy Society).
• Flashing lights: As mentioned earlier, flashing or flickering lights at certain frequencies can trigger seizures in individuals with photosensitive epilepsy.
• Sleep deprivation: Consistently getting enough sleep is crucial in preventing seizures.

The Role of Seizure Diaries

One valuable tool for managing epilepsy is a seizure diary. By tracking seizure frequency, severity, and potential triggers, individuals with epilepsy can better understand their condition and help healthcare providers make informed treatment decisions. Online platforms like Seizure Tracker are useful for tracking seizure data and sharing it with medical professionals.

Conclusion

Epilepsy is a complex and often misunderstood condition that affects millions worldwide. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and the latest research on treatment options is essential in managing the disorder. While there is no cure for epilepsy, advances in medical treatments and therapies continue to improve the quality of life for many people living with the condition.

By raising awareness, improving education on the various seizure types, and advocating for better treatments, we can reduce the stigma surrounding epilepsy and support those who are affected.

Disclaimer:

The content on this site, including blog posts, shared material, and external links, is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any changes to your health regimen, including medications, diet, exercise, or supplementation.

David Julian, Natural Vitality Advocate, is not a licensed medical professional. The views expressed in this blog and shared content are those of the respective authors and do not guarantee accuracy, completeness, or reliability.

David Julian is not affiliated with Natural Vitality or NaturalVitality.com. He does not promote, sell, or take a position for or against them.